This cluster of papers explores the diverse aspects of the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-ß) signaling pathway, including its role in Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways, tumor suppression, cancer progression, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, immune response modulation, cell differentiation, metastasis, regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis. It also discusses the development and use of TGF-ß inhibitors for potential therapeutic interventions.